3D Integrals and Transformations, Spherical Coordinates definition as Riemann sum volume is triple integral of 1 computing via slicing/sticks changing order of integration transformations spherical coordinates 3D Flow-Across surface integrals: scalar and flow-across Gauss's theorem in 3D (a.k.a. Divergence Theorem) replacement surfaces sources, sinks, singularities in 3D vector fields 3D Flow-Along 3D flow along curves 3D gradient fields, Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals in 3D curl of a vector field: computation, meaning Stokes's theorem replacement surfaces